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Пробный ЕГЭ 2018 по английскому языку №1 Онлайн

A. Her Majesty’s Government, in spite of its name, derives its authority and

power from its party representation in Parliament. Parliament is housed in the

Palace of Westminster, once a home of the monarchy. Like the monarchy,

Parliament is an ancient institution, dating from the middle of the thirteenth

century. Parliament is the seat of British democracy, but it is perhaps valuable to

remember that while the House of Lords was created in order to provide a

council of the nobility for the king, the Commons were summoned originally in

order to provide the king with money.

B. The reigning monarch is not only head of state but symbol of the unity of the

nation. The monarchy is Britain’s oldest secular institution, its continuity for

over a thousand years broken only once by a republic that lasted a mere eleven

years (1649-60). The monarchy is hereditary, the succession passing

automatically to the oldest male child, or in the absence of males to the oldest

female offspring of the monarch. In law the monarch is head of the executive and

of the judiciary, head of the Church of England, and commander-in-chief of thearmed forces.

C. The dynamic power of Parliament lies in its lower chamber. Of its 650

members, 523 represent constituencies in England, 38 in Wales, 72 in Scotland

and 17 in Northern Ireland. There are only seats in the Commons debating chamber for 370 members, but except on matters of great interest, it is unusual for all members to be present at any one time. Many MPs find themselves in

other rooms of the Commons, participating in a variety of committees and meetings necessary for an effective parliamentary process.

D. Britain is a democracy, yet its people are not, as one might expect in a

democracy, constitutionally in control of the state. The constitutional situation is

an apparently contradictory one. As a result of a historical process the people of

Britain are subjects of the Crown, accepting the Queen as the head of the state.

Yet even the Queen is not sovereign in any substantial sense since she receives

her authority from Parliament, and is subject to its direction in almost all matters.

This curious situation came about as a result of a long struggle for power

between the Crown and Parliament during the sixteenth and the seventeenth

centuries.

E. Her Majesty’s Government governs in the name of the Queen, and its hub,

Downing Street, lies in Whitehall, a short walk from Parliament. Following a

general election, the Queen invites the leader of the majority party represented in

the Commons, to form a government on her behalf. Government ministers are

invariably members of the House of Commons, but infrequently members of the

House of Lords are appointed. All government members continue to represent

“constituencies” which elected them.

F. Each parliamentary session begins with the “State Opening of Parliament”, a

ceremonial occasion in which the Queen proceeds from Buckingham Palace to

the Palace of Westminster where she delivers the Queen’s Speech from her

throne in the House of Lords. Her speech is drafted by her government, and

describes what the government intends to implement during the forthcoming

session. Leading members of the Commons may hear the speech from the far end

of the chamber, but are not allowed to enter the House of Lords.

G.The upper chamber of Parliament is not democratic in any sense at all. It

consists of four categories of peer. The majority are hereditary peers, a total of

almost 800, but of whom only about half take an active interest in the affairs of

the state. A smaller number, between 350 and 400, are “life” peers–an idea

introduced in 1958 to elevate to the peerage certain people who rendered

political or public service to the nation. The purpose was not only to honour but

also to enhance the quality of business done in the Lords

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Getting What He Deserved?

There were seven or eight of us in the line, waiting to pay the cashier for our lunches. We were all in a hurry because that’s the way of the American business-day lunch. At the front of the line there was a pretty woman with a small boy of about eight. He was a cute little fellow wearing black jeans, white sneakers and a blue pullover sweater. A shock of dark hair fell over his eyes. He looked very much like his mother. The boy had a charming face with chiseled features but he was depressed.
As the woman fumbled in her purse, looking for money to pay her check, the kid noticed a display of candy bars beside the cash register and immediately wanted one.

           “You can’t have any candy”, said his mother. “You had a pie with your lunch”. She took out her handkerchief, then put it back and went on fumbling in her purse.
          “But I want some candy”, said the kid. His tone was surprisingly insistent. Almost aggressive.
           The mother continued her search for money in her purse, and the kid continued to whine about the candy. Then he began to stamp his feet and shout.
           The rest of us in line were beginning to get fidgety. We bunched a little closer together and several folks began mumbling under their breath. “Ought to snatch him bald”, said one man quietly.
The kid by now was reaching for the candy display in open opposition to his mother. She grabbed his arm and pulled it away, but not before he clutched a Snickers bar in his hand.
          “Put it back”, she said.

         “No!” shouted the child. It was an arrogant “No!”
The line bunched even more closely together, and the man who had suggested snatching the kid bald appeared ready to do so himself. So much for the kid’s shock of dark hair, I thought.
         But the mother moved suddenly and with purpose. She paid the cashier, took back her change and dropped it into her purse. Then with one quick motion, she grabbed hold of the child’s pullover sweater and lifted him off the floor. The moment his sneakers came back to earth, she turned his back toward her and began flailing him. A look of disbelief came across the kid’s face. His eyes filled with tears. He tried to break away but that made his mother flail him again.
         When she had finished administering the punishment, she turned the child around and pointed a finger squarely in his sobbing face. With a voice strong and certain, she said, “The next time I tell you do something, young man, will you do it?”

The child looked at the floor. Meekly and sincerely, he replied, “Yes, ma’am.”
The mother turned to go. The child returned the Snickers bar without further hesitation and marched dutifully out behind her.
The people in a line broke into spontaneous applause.
“Did the kid deserve the punishment he had? What would I do if I were his mother? She may have been absolutely right for all I know. I have no children. I have no right to argue with the mother” I thought. “There is nothing I can do but wait. Perhaps the best way to get an idea of normal behavior of children is to get married and raise a few”.

The people in the cafe were all in a hurry because

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